Safeguarding Malaysia’s Sovereignty Amid Rivalry - Part 2
If Malaysia’s first challenge is recognising the nature of modern espionage, the second and more complex; challenge is responding without sacrificing economic opportunity. The intensifying rivalry between the United States and China places Malaysia, and ASEAN more broadly, in a strategic bind. Both powers are indispensable economic partners. Both supply capital, technology, and access to global markets. Yet both also operate intelligence systems that view global data access as a strategic necessity. In such an environment, neutrality cannot remain a rhetorical position; it must be operationalised through policy, regulation, and institutional discipline. Malaysia’s development model has long been built on openness. Foreign direct investment, export-oriented manufacturing, and integration into global supply chains have driven growth for decades. Today, technological integration from advanced semiconductors and cloud computing to smart infrastructure is central to national competitive...