Malaysia Must Not Ignore Weather and Water Warfare Threats
The idea that wars could be fought not only with bullets and missiles but through rain, drought, and manipulated rivers may sound like science fiction. However, history and contemporary conflicts demonstrate that environmental systems have long been viewed as strategic tools of warfare. Weather modification and water weaponization challenge established norms of international law and ethics, while posing serious risks to civilian populations. For Malaysia, a country increasingly exposed to climate volatility, flooding, and water stress; ignoring these unconventional forms of warfare would be a strategic blind spot. One of the clearest historical examples of weather warfare was ‘Operation Popeye’ during the Vietnam War between 1967 and 1972. The United States conducted a covert cloud-seeding programme aimed at extending the monsoon season over key supply routes used by North Vietnamese forces. By inducing heavier and prolonged rainfall, the objective was to turn roads into mud, flood...