Women Emerging as Key Terror Actors

The emergence of an organised women’s wing within Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) marks an important shift in the global trajectory of extremist movements one that Malaysia cannot afford to overlook.

While this trend is unfolding abroad, its underlying dynamics are not geographically restricted. The establishment of a structured female division, complete with ideological training, leadership hierarchies, and recruitment pipelines, signals a more adaptive and sophisticated strategy among militant groups.

For Malaysia, where women have historically played smaller but still notable roles within extremist ecosystems, this development serves as a critical reminder that gender is becoming an increasingly deliberate tool in extremist strategies.

This trend reflects not merely the inclusion of women but the institutionalisation of their participation, marking a shift from informal involvement to formalised structures. Extremist organisations are leveraging gender for ideological legitimacy, operational advantage, and recruitment expansion.

Women offer unique tactical benefits: their digital and physical activities often attract less scrutiny, they can move more seamlessly within community and family networks, and their involvement helps militants normalise extremist messaging under the guise of religious or social duty.

Such an approach broadens the recruitment base and deepens ideological penetration. For Malaysia, the most significant implication is the likelihood that extremist networks may increasingly incorporate women not only as passive supporters but as active operatives, organisers, or ideological influencers.

Although Malaysia has not witnessed the formation of a formal women’s militant wing, the absence of a structured organisation does not imply the absence of risk. During the peak of ISIS and Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) influence in Southeast Asia, Malaysian women were involved in online propaganda, ideological dissemination, logistical support, and attempts to join foreign conflict zones.

These precedents highlight existing vulnerabilities. Digital platforms, which are central to contemporary recruitment efforts, remain a major point of exposure. Malaysian women and girls -active social media users and frequent participants in online religious spaces are potential targets for extremist narratives that begin with benign religious lessons or emotional support, before gradually shifting toward ideological manipulation.

Furthermore, Malaysia’s counter-terrorism strategies have traditionally centred on men, shaped by the assumption that extremist activity is predominantly male-driven. While this focus has disrupted multiple threats, it risks overlooking more subtle or community-based radicalisation pathways affecting women. Such blind spots may allow vulnerable individuals to be influenced and mobilised before authorities detect warning signs.

Socio-economic and emotional vulnerabilities also create openings for recruitment. Women who experience isolation, domestic strain, financial insecurity, or identity struggles may be more receptive to extremist narratives that promise sisterhood, moral clarity, and spiritual purpose. Additionally, Malaysia’s regional positioning deepens the risk.

Southeast Asia has long been influenced by developments in South Asia and the Middle East, with ideological material, religious discourses, and recruitment networks often moving across borders. As groups like JeM normalise women’s participation, similar narratives may flow into Southeast Asia, encouraging local sympathisers to replicate the model.

JeM’s institutionalisation of women’s roles should therefore be seen as a strategic blueprint that other extremist organisations may emulate. The model demonstrates how female recruits can be incorporated into ideologically tailored programmes, how they can operate as community-based recruiters, and how professional women including doctors, educators, or social workers can be leveraged to provide legitimacy or organisational support.

For Malaysia, the possibility that extremist recruiters might build structured female networks whether digital or physical cannot be dismissed. Women-led recruitment cells, online mentorship groups, or gender-specific indoctrination programmes could emerge within the region if preventative measures are not strengthened.

In response to these trends, Malaysia must adopt a gender-aware, proactive approach to countering violent extremism.

First, integrating gender-sensitive analysis into national Prevention and Countering Violent Extremism (PCVE) strategies is essential. Security agencies should include gender-related indicators in their assessments, recognising the diverse roles women can play within extremist ecosystems. This requires training, updated profiling approaches, and closer collaboration between security agencies and community organisations that engage women directly.

Second, enhancing digital literacy is crucial. Programmes that help women and girls identify online manipulation, misinformation, grooming, and extremist cues can disrupt the early stages of radicalisation. Since radicalisation often begins in private online spaces, building awareness and resilience at the individual level is a powerful preventive measure.

Third, Malaysia should amplify women’s voices in community leadership. Religious scholars, teachers, civil society leaders, and women’s organisations are well-positioned to promote credible narratives that counter extremist messaging. Their influence within families and communities makes them essential partners in national resilience-building efforts.

Equally important is the creation of rehabilitation and reintegration programmes tailored specifically to women. Women who have been exposed to radical ideologies face unique psychosocial pressures, family dynamics, and community expectations.

Effective rehabilitation must therefore combine ideological re-education with mental health support, social reintegration assistance, and economic empowerment opportunities. Such programmes help prevent relapse and mitigate the risk of intergenerational radicalisation.

Continuous research is also critical. Malaysian universities, think tanks, and policy centres should investigate how gender, identity, digital behaviour, and community norms shape radicalisation pathways. Without updated research, policymakers risk remaining reactive rather than preventive.

Ultimately, the emergence of women’s wings in extremist organisations abroad is a clear indication of the next phase of extremist evolution. While Malaysia has not yet seen structured women’s cells emerge domestically, the ideological, digital, and socio-cultural conditions that could enable them are already present.

A gender-aware, forward-looking counter-terrorism strategy is therefore not optional but it is necessary if Malaysia aims to anticipate and neutralise emerging threats before they take root.

Kuala Lumpur.

17.11.2025

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